#215: Radio Sarkóphagoi (David Lynch pt. 1)
Added 2024-05-24 10:51:34 +0000 UTCI contracted schizophrenia from a hypodermic tuning fork. To sign in, verify your 8-bit bones with the electron gun provided.
Comments
i just had to pause and write down “genocide is the attempt to distill murder into rationalism” excellent quote 🫡
Norris
2024-07-27 17:57:20 +0000 UTCMy understanding is that the oldest radios- crystal radios- do not need a power source aside from the radio waves they pick up… it’s just some wires and a rock fluttering like a tiny flag in the flux of the ambient electromagnetic field as it dribbles through a paper cone full of pencil shavings converting that flux into atmospheric vibration… no batteries required 😂
James Aydelotte
2024-07-18 23:40:15 +0000 UTCShovel yourself out of the shit.
Ben
2024-06-16 16:53:43 +0000 UTCNot just technology but epistemology itself. Through turning all, previously inherently interdependent and naturally integrative disciplines into hyper specialized systems of knowledge there is a kind of "great endarkenment" where no one can see the flaws and dependencies in the other disciplines. I dont think it is a concious conspiracy I just think that it is useful capital hoarding if you get to disguise really myopic stupid ideas as expertise. This is incredibly apparentIf you just crack the hood of how we do any sort of research and psychology and the feedback loops that keep ideas that patients and providers hate as operating assumptions forever and ever.
Joel Blackstock
2024-06-12 15:29:18 +0000 UTCDamn, that's great. I find it really painfully sad that most radio listening in the West is now done on radios that autoscan between commercial frequencies and never let you find anything crazy by accident.
Michael S. Judge
2024-06-08 17:07:34 +0000 UTCbeing a weird crossover of Lynch Fan, Electrical Engineer, and Ham Radio operator is it any wonder I often find myself using older HF radios to just listen to the atmosphere? Pro Tip: you can, with any off the shelf analog tuning AM Radio, track lighting strikes during a storm. Tune to a quiet dead channel, and listen for a burst of static. Count the seconds until you hear the thunder, multiply by 1100, and you have a rough estimate of how far away, in feet, the lighting strike was from you. Do that a few times and watch the direction the clouds are moving and bam, rudimentary lighting plot.
Will Hinchman
2024-06-08 16:45:41 +0000 UTCShoutengine ceased to exist a few years again, but they're all still here – just search for "reissue"
Michael S. Judge
2024-06-07 05:43:06 +0000 UTCLooks like all the pre-patreon eps have been yanked off the internet?
snafujesus
2024-06-07 01:46:31 +0000 UTCDidn’t know about these, thanks for the link. Just listened to the first one - Stan is dry, good but DRY! Great bit about humans and wood-wind. Also, later in life his first wife Jane got into 2-way radio and I can only imagine how amazing it would have been to stumble upon that frequency…
Tim
2024-05-29 02:10:49 +0000 UTCThe Platters also featured a vocalist by the name of...David Lynch
Andy Nelson
2024-05-28 23:18:58 +0000 UTCI really value what authorial anonymity brings to a work of art. I think in the case of both your show and Pynchon’s books, anonymity is actually a load bearing part of their structure of meaning. Under the influence of Death Corner and Against the Day, I’m currently working on a Super 8 film and radio project that I want to put into the world anonymously, but have no idea how to do that AND find an audience for at the same time.
Heath Iverson
2024-05-28 14:10:13 +0000 UTCYou should check out the radio program Stan Brakhage produced in the 80s. It’s very weird, very good. https://expcinema.org/site/en/forum/ubuweb-stan-brakhage-radio
Heath Iverson
2024-05-28 14:03:50 +0000 UTCSounds cool as hell, didn't know they invented that
Alex Hennessey
2024-05-27 20:21:44 +0000 UTCBy the way, I don't know if you've heard this, but DSP actually stands for "Dick Sucking Penis"
Michael S. Judge
2024-05-27 20:16:20 +0000 UTCThat's still always what I'm looking for. No photos, no interviews, turned down plenty of guest spots that would've been too biographical. Anyone ever wants to "interview" me, they have to email me the questions, print my emailed answers word-for-word, and run the photos I give them, with no excision or editing, or it doesn't happen
Michael S. Judge
2024-05-27 20:14:52 +0000 UTCThe Derrida stuff about the centre has been in my mind the past week because of the writings of Nicolas of Cusa, de Ludo Globi. Could not have come at a more significant moment for me, connections indeed!
Tyson Settle
2024-05-27 07:26:35 +0000 UTCThat is a hell of explanation. Nothing to say except thank you.
Jeff Grey
2024-05-27 04:03:31 +0000 UTCGotta say that's EXACTLY how it felt when I first listened to the Reconquista and Stray Cries episodes around 2016-ish. I searched "Pynchon" in Apple podcasts and up came DIJAC and I thought I'd found a fucking pirate broadcast (and in a sense it was, especially after having listened to some of the "academic institution" published tripe that search had served up previously). I'll never forget that "wtf is this/does anyone else know about this?" feeling.
Tim
2024-05-27 03:25:12 +0000 UTC“—and whistling down the tracks/a headlight rushing with the sound—can you/imagine—while an EXpress makes time like/SCIENCE—COMMERCE and the HOLYGHOST/RADIO ROARS IN EVERY HOME WE HAVE THE NORTHPOLE/WALLSTREET AND VIRGINBIRTH WITHOUT STONES OR/WIRES OR EVEN RUNning brooks connecting ears/and no more sermons windows flashing/roar breathtaking—as you like it… eh? So the 20th Century–so/whizzed the Limited–roared by and left/three men, still hungry on the tracks, ploddingly/watching the tail lights wizen and converge, slip-/ping gimleted and neatly out of sight." - Hart Crane, The Bridge I thought this might be relevant to the episode and thought you might appreciate this as a fellow lover of Hart Crane. Isn't one of your novels, The Holy Ghost Radio, named after this part of the poem? Anyway, much love and a brilliant episode MSJ! Feel better!
Mike Humowitz
2024-05-27 01:01:23 +0000 UTCThat's how it started, as the continuation of a fictional radio show from the early ’70s, and before I did much recording, the initial plan was to do no research or preparation at all and just talk, see if I could build a cult around this anonymous voice out of nowhere, because as an artist and especially as a writer, that is what I have always striven to be – not a person, not a persona, not a "subject," a dry cracked voice coming over the radio when you're driving late and night and cross the broadcast lines where the stations change, so suddenly "Jumpin' Jack Flash" fizzes out into static and I'm talking and you've got no idea who I am
Michael S. Judge
2024-05-26 20:52:59 +0000 UTCGreat work recovering the cosmic weirdness of early radio. Its so interesting to see how new media technologies are always first received as almost mystical or occult portals into new ontological planes. I think old radios have managed to retain more of that spectral charge than any other media (save maybe analog photography and film). Also, I’ve always thought there’s a lot of the high weirdness of terrestrial radio in the DNA of this show.
Heath Iverson
2024-05-26 19:28:47 +0000 UTCI’m not trying to toot my own horn here but on one of the socials I made a thread wherein Trump is explaining various events in Episode 8 and at one point he goes on a tangent about Gordon Cole and ends by talking about how he (Trump) ate the best pies but you can’t get cherry pie anymore because “They took it away.”
Rohmer Simpson
2024-05-26 19:08:39 +0000 UTCLots more on this next time, but there is a horrible, truly horrible, and completely intentional push to destroy human comprehension of the devices and instrumentation we now require to be alive, and when you don't understand THAT, you are subject to an artificially-induced dissociative state, and you quite literally have no idea what you're doing
Michael S. Judge
2024-05-26 18:02:54 +0000 UTCFrom my personal time in the realm of the schizoid, I can see how it happens: the subject has to spend much of his time trying to assemble a theory or system that explains the horrible things he saw and felt, a system subject to constant refinement and under nearly sempiternal scrutiny by the subject himself (I should just start saying "myself"), because if there's anything wrong with the system, it means that I've failed to escape from insanity via the devices remaining to the sane part of my mind, and THAT means I've still been trapped inside the whole time, and the system is in fact a massive florid symptomatology of how insane I am, rather than method of escape from being insane. (I am not always fully psychotic, but I AM always doing this on some level, 24/7, as relates to OCD or one of my other mental illnesses. I wish I could relate to the outside world what it's like. Just as one very, very limited example, there are scale and chord shapes as laid out on a guitar neck going through my brain every moment of every day, including every moment I've used to write this, and they often contain problems I have to solve, like figuring out how to modulate from one chord/key to another, or how to fit a given amount of notes into a given amount of time into a given time signature, or how all of it can be voice-led via chromatically climbing or falling melodic lines that will "rationalize" the underlying chord structure, or how an impossible set of 6 notes on 6 strings can be accomplished with less than 6 fingers, or every point of modal and scalar intermodulation for a given chord/scale and the smaller modal fragments it implies, and then what THEY imply, and then what THEY imply, so that I can create a coherent idea of how to play any note over any chord and then make things resolve in a manner that's at least modal or post-modal if not strictly diatonic. This has been happening for 20 years. It's never going to stop. The entirety of my remaining life has to be conducted, often rather poorly, while this is going on too.) Which is to say: by the time we crazy people find ourselves explaining the System to YOU, we've explained it to OURSELVES so many times – and in such terrible fear that it won't hold up, and that we're trapped within insanity forever – that it's almost impossible to remember we're alone, completely wrapped up in our own ganglionic barbwire, and no one else in the world has been privy to even an instant of this years- or decades- or life-long process of trying to outrun our own brains as they blow fuses and short out circuits and burst into electrical fires behind us. We don't know you weren't there. It was the only world we had, so if you're here in the world right now, we assume you were there for all the foregoing.
Michael S. Judge
2024-05-26 18:00:41 +0000 UTCYou keep calling Ned Beatty “Warren Beatty.” 😅
Brendan Garcia
2024-05-26 17:57:20 +0000 UTCOld head radio collectors online talk about the sound of analogue radio tuning, and how much they prefer it to DSP tuners. Analogue tuning allows you to sift through a constant stream of radio static that wanes as you hone in on a signal.
Alex Hennessey
2024-05-26 16:27:25 +0000 UTCI work in a library, so I by no means have actual credentials or serious training on how to deal with the mentally ill, but end up having to wrangle schizophrenic street people on a daily basis. I just wanted to say that it seems to me that the weirdly condescending vibe that a lot of these people seem to have tracks with your descriptions. There's this one guy who, even though we have never asked him to talk about this, acts exasperated that he has to keep explaining that people back in his home country have created an AI system that can move through light frequencies designed to spy on what he does in this country. And the AI is set to activate whenever he uses certain identifying information, which is why he had to destroy his library cards, but it is very, very important that we allow him to keep using all the library services for his research anyway and without recovering his card number or ID. I could imagine what he would sound like if he were some kind of old-timey German legal official instead of an African man who sleeps on the street and wears the same filthy coat every day.
Jeff Grey
2024-05-26 15:15:21 +0000 UTCI remember you mentioning it before, maybe on an episode or on Twitter. That’s great, hope to hear more.
Rohmer Simpson
2024-05-26 13:59:48 +0000 UTCMy notes on Episode 105 (aka The Apokryptein) compared to this redux so far – radio/radiation riff (expanded brilliantly into the kind of Can-like groove that Malcolm Mooney could get lost in), the “Age of Bob” motif (feels like there’s more to come re: the bomb, 3 tramps, “this is the water, this is the well” etc). Good times ahead…“got a light”?
Tim
2024-05-26 12:21:44 +0000 UTCbut don't worry, we'll get to the Woodsmen. 3 of them. Wandering around the Southwest. Tramps, you might say
Michael S. Judge
2024-05-26 05:16:26 +0000 UTCI opened for the Platters in either 2003 or ’04. You better believe I recognize that weird diminished dip in the vocal line on "Is to linger with YOUUUUU"
Michael S. Judge
2024-05-26 05:15:20 +0000 UTCMichael have you read The Zhuangzi? Ch.2 has a lot to say about real/unreal stuff and the "center of the room" you're talking about, the Empty Axis of the Lathe of Heaven I can send PDF
Brock
2024-05-25 22:23:01 +0000 UTCThe song the radio station is playing is "My Prayer" by The Platters. The Woodsman removes the turntable arm; it's his monologue that puts everyone to sleep, including Sarah Palmer. His monologue continues as the creature goes into her mouth, after which he kills the deejay and disappears into the night. What we hear over the credits is the scratching of the turntable needle - like what happens when you don't lift the needle after a record is through playing. What's most curious about that sequence is what we hear after we lose sight of the Woodsman but before we cut to credits: I'm pretty sure it's horses whinnying, far in the distance. Horses - a white horse, a pale horse, etc - are significant to Sarah Palmer; if I'm remembering my FIRE WALK WITH ME chronology correctly, she hallucinates a white horse in her bedroom when Leland drugs her so he can murder their daughter without interference. Of course the Woodsman's litany mentions a horse... EDIT & REPOST: Patreon UI really doesn't like it when you go back into comments to fix typos, ffs
Rohmer Simpson
2024-05-25 20:12:40 +0000 UTCI am not done with it but I am writing an article about how the LAD deep structures that chomsky talks about in linguistics also effect our relationship to numbers and religion that we precociously acquire and play as games. After all the LAD is not that different from something like Jungian archetypes. Numbers based games encourage ego expansion through hoarding or viral expansion through networks, and pretending to defy death through wealth or reputation. religious activities make us accept and sit with paradox, limitation, and acceptance of liminality. Numbers based games make ego inflating deflections form reality. Religion helps us contemplate and accept numinous reality and it scary finitude and limitations.
Joel Blackstock
2024-05-25 19:39:23 +0000 UTCThe San Francisco Tape Music Center was a German psyop XD
glenn mohre
2024-05-25 19:24:09 +0000 UTCthank you for diving into lynch, i’ve been eager to hear your thoughts on him. i hope your health continues to improve! <3
Nat Ware
2024-05-25 16:08:25 +0000 UTC“Zane, Zane, Zane Ouvre le Chien Zane, Zane, Zane Ouvre le Chien”—DB
MW
2024-05-25 16:01:35 +0000 UTCI haven't thought about his Reagan thing in a long time... IIRC he only voted for him in '84. And while it's difficult to excuse saying anything nice about Reagan (other than, he co-starred in a pretty good Allan Dwan western adaptation of TENNESSEE'S PARTNER; also that he hated Poppy Bush), it's the kind of thing that a certain stripe of young online person, the sort who's always recommending the guillotine for the slightest transgression, loves to blow way out of proportion ..... It's not exactly that I disbelieve him when he claims to know nothing about politics - you'd be hard-pressed to get more "political" than to cast the Trinity nuclear test as an event that birthed an entirely new American evil. More like, I'd bet he's successfully spent his life "not logged on and mad online" like the rest of us. Or, tl;dr, he simply views "America" in a way that's ...... uncommon. A funny detail I read is that he says (or said) he's a Democrat, but he doesn't like the Democrats because he's a smoker and he thinks they're going after cigarettes. It reminded me of a friend's observation that he makes all his recent videos - recent covering, idk, the last 15-20 yrs? - out in his shed because he refuses to stop smoking and he's literally banished from his own house because of that. (Related: heard third-hand, he had rented out some studio time, this was roughly a bit before or after INLAND EMPIRE, probably for one of his audio projects, and the tech, whose name was Kurt, who was working with him said "David, do you think you could keep from smoking cigarettes in the studio?" and Lynch cheerfully responded "Not today, Kurt!")
Rohmer Simpson
2024-05-25 13:37:42 +0000 UTCThe lengths people went to to justify the murder of Trevon Martin really brought it home for me that there are soooo many people willing to defend and justify murdering children 😳 we know have basically daily school shootings and on the ground HD footage of children in gaza being horrendously murdered. The people who plea think of the innocent children do not understand that somewhere the western (US) world has shifted from not carrying about black and brown children to being perfectly fine with their own children going to schools and concerts and shopping centers etc where they can just get shot for no reason. So pleading for the sake of 'othered' children when the ppl you're pleading to don't even care about their own....
Bored at Work
2024-05-25 07:02:06 +0000 UTCHe might be the only guy who voted twice for Ronald Reagan and twice for Bernie Sanders
Michael S. Judge
2024-05-25 02:45:08 +0000 UTCit's my understanding that in most cases where we've got very, very early examples of a given writing system, part of it is prayers, poems, mystic initiations, devotions to the signs themselves, and the other half is imperial taxes. You pull all that wastepaper out of the lower-class Egyptian mummies, you get taxes, taxes, 99% of the remaining Sappho, taxes
Michael S. Judge
2024-05-25 02:43:24 +0000 UTCAttuning my senses to the vibes like an old radio to radiation …..
John Waaben
2024-05-25 02:20:32 +0000 UTCAgreed!
John Waaben
2024-05-25 02:14:24 +0000 UTC*** “Nobody escapes the pyramid” rough quote. What about Siddhartha? I could be way off here, but is that not the main idea of enlightenment via meditation? Perhaps nobody “intellectualizes” their way out of the pyramid would be a better way of putting it?
MW
2024-05-24 23:34:46 +0000 UTCFrom long exposure I've committed to believing that David Lynch is exactly as he presents - in no small part because what exactly that person is is so singular and multi-faceted, in ways that would be inconceivable as a "bit", regardless of how long he, say, practiced it. Yeah he's got that big American "big sky country" swagger, that specifically a-certain-part-of-Montana vocal inflection, he was once an Eagle Scout, blah blah blah. But he's also so profoundly odd - but in a way where it's clear he's totally aware of his quirks and oddities, and comfortable with it all. Something about this bts vid from The Return also cinched it for me; that not only are incredibly strange and disturbing and violent things just another day at the office for him, he has an incredible skill at conveying his ideas to his cast and crew: https://youtu.be/im07r-0IH_s?si=PaByINKkJi-EyxV_
Rohmer Simpson
2024-05-24 21:36:23 +0000 UTCI was writing this in an article right when I saw this post:"I don't get into that stuff". I am doing "academic psychology" or "medical psychology" has become a way to explain and defend yourself from having a basic understanding of how humans or cultures are traumatized or motivated. Oh you are running universities and hospitals? I guess that's ok then. Lets handout CBT and drugs for another 50, rationally and evidence basedly of course, years and see how much worse things keep getting in the mental health field. No wonder that even though healthcare is guided by such rational and empirical forces, outcomes and the replication crises get worse every year. Academia has created a model of reality called science, they have applied that model rationally but not scientifically so well that they no longer care if its outcomes mirror the outcomes of the real world that science was created to serve! Academic and medical psychology have created a copy of the world that they interact with pretending it reflects the real world but fundamentally cannot because of the material incentives that drive it. We have created a model of reality through science that was supposed to reflect reality but mistaken for reality itself. We are reaching in vain to move the objects on the other side of the mirror instead of putting the mirror back in the closet and moving the objects behind us. How do we not see that hyper rationalism is just another form of religion even though we tried to replace religion with it. Not only is this conception of psychology an imaginary model of the real, but it is at war with the real because it cuts us off from truly logical and rational evidence base pathways that we could actually pursue. It is at war with the real material and objective world because both demand 100% of our worship. We have to choose whole cloth between the object or its reflection, god or the idol. We have to choose if we want the uncertainty of real science or the certainty of the imaginary sandbox we pretend is science. Adherence to our simulacra of science to search of what is effective to treat trauma and mental illness has become a cultural trauma response. We are addicted to this old game because it is too scary to put it down and learn a new one. This is the same as a cult or a conspiracy theory. A major pillar of our civilization is saying they would rather do what is familiar and broken than what is effective and scary. This is kind of devotion to a flawed methodological system is indistinguishable from religious fundamentalism. Here you have a group of people so committed to the structures of the self declared rational that they've decided that reason or empiricism should no longer change based on the realities that happen back in the real world. How is the way we insist on researching clinical psychology any different than Frazier's sympathetic magic?
Joel Blackstock
2024-05-24 20:55:14 +0000 UTCI have been meaning to watch twin peaks the return for like 4 years now but work and having small children won’t let me
NYCM&AHole
2024-05-24 20:46:20 +0000 UTCThat was such a great episode back in 2018 when you did a Q&A with Quinton in LA. I remember you talking a lot about gnosticism, especially in reference to Eraserhead. I actually have the MP3 saved on my phone from the ShoutEngine days. I would really love to hear you do a deep analysis of Eraserhead, because a lot of young people are already writing that one off as pseud bullshit and someone needs to set the record straight but I am not the one to do it unfortunately
Biels Nohr
2024-05-24 20:45:22 +0000 UTCThere is something both beautiful and disconcerting about your brilliant description of radio as a means to translate spatial frequencies into sense perceptions. It opens up to us so much of reality on new terms of experience, and it also feels as if it risks (and maybe inevitably carries out) a capture of and forcing onto our terms that which is beyond us and doesn't need to be our business. Independently of this I was reading a paper this afternoon about chartalism that recalled writing as originally a means of state record keeping, and specifically of a means of the institutional recording of debts owed to the rulers. And all of a sudden I am thinking of writing as playing a similar role for humans as radios for the universe. One that can be beautiful (all the wonder that needs to be put to writing to actually escape the messy froth of consciousness) or terrifying (recording as a control mechanism). I don't really know what point I'm trying to make but I can't begin to say how much I appreciated this episode. Hope you continue to do better.
David
2024-05-24 20:11:32 +0000 UTCWhen your more perceptive, and most likely more intelligent than said doctors, you quickly seee the bamboozle. After all what is medical school in the west but a conditioning of the mind to view all ills through the lens of big pharma? To be fair, I suppose it beats being burned alive…
MW
2024-05-24 18:14:11 +0000 UTCRadio Sarkophagoi baby you were comin in fine 🎵
foul tarnished
2024-05-24 17:52:37 +0000 UTCI’m in the middle of the episode, I feel like I have to comment because I am a mystic, which is to say I am the Self and know it. There is not “God and creation,” there is only God. Ice is a state of water, just as what people perceive as “creation” is a state of God’s being. Dreams show us that the apparent appearance of a multiplicity of forms need not mean a multiplicity of beings. What are the set of conditions that beget an apparent multiplicity of forms while maintaining a nondual being, and are those conditions satisfied right now as you read this? If you agree with the statement “I have a body,” then you have admitted 'I' and 'body' are not synonymous. You (the Self) are having a human experience. All experiences are your experiences. Human beings do not have experiences, consciousness (the Self) has human experiences. The Artist does not acquire a canvas outside of his own being to create, you transformed your being into a 'state' of amnesia and apparent multiplicity. What’s happening in Gaza is God’s suffering, he is not watching from above. I have more to write, there may be a part 2.
Bryan Barraza
2024-05-24 17:23:26 +0000 UTCAnd to be fair, when I have my amps cranked and I switch the gate off, I get around 90 db of hiss.
NYCM&AHole
2024-05-24 16:27:37 +0000 UTCI love all the esoteric knowledge about electronics in addition to the related content. It reminds me of a video where Ritchie Faulkner of Judas Priest said he did an Instagram and someone asked what the hiss was and he’s like uhhh that’s an amp. But then again you can get rid of that if you get a sweet noise gate like the Zuul or the Key and the Gate and 4 cable method it so the trigger is direct from the guitar but the gate is after the effects loop send. Then you get the sound of silence but the nevermore cover of it because it has to be brootal.
NYCM&AHole
2024-05-24 16:26:21 +0000 UTC“I carried you” said booming frightening voice in muh mind. What say you? Pompadours, leather, and walking dreams…Lay down in the purple sky and melt into the earth…
MW
2024-05-24 15:48:04 +0000 UTCwhen I worked on an assertive community treatment team that saw some of the worst cases of psychotic mental illness in our state I always had a suspicion that schizophrenia was really two diseases on a spectrum that overlap and respond to the same medication. patients that had more of the genetic type would always have more bipolar like symptoms. The patients that had more of a traumatic onset would have more PTSD like symptoms and more of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. and they would have an origin myth about why they got sick. EG. The person raped me and put me in a closet so ghosts got in my body, they use the wrong blood at the hospital so now I hear voices. complex PTSD bipolar disorder and schizophrenia all share symptoms quite a bit. I think it's a spectrum like you can have 20% of the genes and 80% of the trauma or 1% of the genes in 99% of the trauma. It just whatever gets you over the line but that we're treating that condition fundamentally wrong. academic medicine and healthcare is pretty hostile to talking about schizophrenia at all let alone redrawing the conception that we have of it for a lot of market realities. I basically left because I heard doctors tell me that I could reduce symptoms by talking but that I should stop talking because we could just drug people.
Joel Blackstock
2024-05-24 14:30:31 +0000 UTCI've been thinking about feedback loops in what I guess is a similar sense to your tape recording cosmology. Would love for you to talk about feedback if you ever do that episode
r b
2024-05-24 13:09:38 +0000 UTCJust started a rewatch of Twin Peaks this week. Perfect timing
Tim
2024-05-24 11:02:00 +0000 UTC
